Nephrology Reference Bibliography
Foundational, Landmark, and Practice-Changing Literature
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE — DEFINITIONS & PROGNOSIS
1. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, Hogg RJ, Perrone RD, Lau J and Eknoyan G (2003) National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139(2), pp.137–147. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-139-2-200307150-00013.
Foundational
2. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T and Coresh J (2009) A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Annals of Internal Medicine, 150(9), pp.604–612. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006.
Landmark Method
3. Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE and Hsu CY (2004) Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(13), pp.1296–1305. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041031.
Landmark
4. Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J and Gansevoort RT (2010) Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Lancet, 375(9731), pp.2073–2081. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60674-5.
Foundational Prognosis
5. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group (2013) KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International Supplements, 3(1), pp.1–150. doi:10.1038/kisup.2012.73.
Guideline-Defining
6. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group (2024) KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 105(4S), pp.S1–S198.
Guideline-Defining
7. Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, El Nahas M, Astor BC, Matsushita K, Gansevoort RT, Kasiske BL and Eckardt KU (2011) The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO controversies conference report. Kidney International, 80(1), pp.17–28. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.483.
Foundational Consensus
DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE — RAAS ERA
8. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R and Raz I (2001) Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(12), pp.851–860. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011303.
Landmark Trial
9. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z and Shahinfar S (2001) Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(12), pp.861–869. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011161.
Landmark Trial
10. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S and Arner P (2001) The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(12), pp.870–878. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011489.
Landmark
SGLT2 INHIBITOR ERA
11. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, Edwards R, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Bull S et al. (2019) Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(24), pp.2295–2306. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.
Landmark Trial
12. Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, Mann JFE, McMurray JJV, Lindberg M, Rossing P et al. (2020) Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(15), pp.1436–1446. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2024816.
Landmark Trial
13. Herrington WG, Staplin N, Wanner C, Green JB, Hauske SJ, Emberson JR, Preiss D, Judge P, Mayne K, Ng SYA et al. (2023) Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(2), pp.117–127. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204233.
Landmark Trial
NONSTEROIDAL MRAS
14. Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Pitt B, Ruilope LM, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P, Nowack C and Schloemer P (2020) Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(23), pp.2219–2229. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2025845.
Practice-Changing
15. Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Bakris GL, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P and Nowack C (2021) Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(24), pp.2252–2263. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110956.
Practice-Changing
GLP-1 ERA
16. Mann JFE, Ørsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, Marso SP, Poulter NR, Rasmussen S, Tornøe K and Zinman B (2017) Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(9), pp.839–848. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1616011.
Landmark
17. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, Probstfield J, Riesmeyer JS, Riddle MC, Rydén L et al. (2019) Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Lancet, 394(10193), pp.131–138. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31150-X.
Practice-Changing
BLOOD PRESSURE & CKD
18. Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM, Rocco MV, Reboussin DM, Rahman M, Oparil S, Lewis CE et al. (2015) A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(22), pp.2103–2116. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1511939.
Landmark
19. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) BP Work Group (2021) KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 99(3S), pp.S1–S87. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.003.
Guideline-Defining
MINERAL BONE DISORDER
20. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group (2009) KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of CKD–MBD. Kidney International Supplements, 76(S113), pp.S1–S130.
Guideline-Defining
21. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Update Work Group (2017) KDIGO 2017 clinical practice guideline update for CKD–MBD. Kidney International Supplements, 7(1), pp.1–59. doi:10.1016/j.kisu.2017.04.001.
Guideline-Defining
EARLY IDENTIFICATION & RISK STRATIFICATION
22. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) (2021) The case for early identification and intervention of chronic kidney disease: conclusions from a KDIGO controversies conference. Kidney International, 99(1), pp.34–47. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.012.
Consensus Statement
23. Tangri N, Stevens LA, Griffith J, Tighiouart H, Djurdjev O, Naimark D, Levin A and Levey AS (2011) A predictive model for progression of chronic kidney disease to kidney failure. JAMA, 305(15), pp.1553–1559. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.451.
Landmark Risk Model
CARDIORENAL INTERFACE
24. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, Wanner C, Krane V, Cass A, Craig J et al. (2011) The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (SHARP). Lancet, 377(9784), pp.2181–2192. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60739-3.
Landmark
25. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, Ponikowski P, Sabatine MS, Anand IS, Bělohlávek J et al. (2019) Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(21), pp.1995–2008. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1911303.
Cardiorenal Landmark
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY & CRITICAL CARE NEPHROLOGY
DEFINITIONS & CLASSIFICATION
26. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL and Palevsky P (2004) Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the ADQI Group. Critical Care, 8(4), pp.R204–R212. doi:10.1186/cc2872.
Foundational (RIFLE Criteria)
27. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, Molitoris BA, Ronco C, Warnock DG and Levin A (2007) Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Critical Care, 11(2), R31. doi:10.1186/cc5713.
Foundational (AKIN Criteria)
28. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) AKI Work Group (2012) KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney International Supplements, 2(1), pp.1–138. doi:10.1038/kisup.2012.1.
Guideline-Defining
29. Kellum JA, Lameire N and the KDIGO AKI Guideline Work Group (2013) Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary. Critical Care, 17(1), 204. doi:10.1186/cc11454.
Guideline Summary
EPIDEMIOLOGY & PROGNOSIS
30. Chertow GM, Burdick E, Honour M, Bonventre JV and Bates DW (2005) Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16(11), pp.3365–3370. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004090740.
Foundational
31. Hoste EAJ, Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R, Cely CM, Colman R, Cruz DN, Edipidis K, Forni LG, Gomersall CD, Govil D et al. (2015) Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine, 41(8), pp.1411–1423. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3934-7.
Foundational
32. Coca SG, Yusuf B, Shlipak MG, Garg AX and Parikh CR (2009) Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 53(6), pp.961–973. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.034.
AKI-to-CKD Transition
RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN AKI
33. Palevsky PM, Zhang JH, O'Connor TZ, Chertow GM, Crowley ST, Choudhury D, Finkel K, Kellum JA, Paganini E, Schein RM et al. (2008) Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(1), pp.7–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802639.
Landmark Trial (ATN Study)
34. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, Brendolan A, Dan M, Piccinni P and La Greca G (2000) Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure. Lancet, 356(9223), pp.26–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02430-2.
Landmark
35. Gaudry S, Hajage D, Schortgen F, Martin-Lefevre L, Pons B, Boulet E, Boyer A, Chevrel G, Lerolle N, Carpentier D et al. (2016) Initiation strategies for renal-replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(2), pp.122–133. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603017.
Practice-Changing (AKIKI)
36. Zarbock A, Kellum JA, Schmidt C, Van Aken H, Wempe C, Pavenstädt H, Boanta A, Gerß J, Meersch M and ELAIN Investigators (2016) Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. JAMA, 315(20), pp.2190–2199. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5828.
Controversial Landmark
37. Barbar SD, Clere-Jehl R, Bourredjem A, Hernu R, Montini F, Bruyère R, Lebert C, Bohé J, Badie J, Eraldi JP et al. (2018) Timing of renal-replacement therapy in patients with acute kidney injury and sepsis. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(15), pp.1431–1442. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1803213.
Practice-Changing (IDEAL-ICU)
38. STARRT-AKI Investigators (2020) Timing of initiation of renal-replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(3), pp.240–251. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2000741.
Landmark (STARRT-AKI)
SEPSIS-ASSOCIATED AKI
39. Bellomo R, Kellum JA and Ronco C (2012) Acute kidney injury in sepsis. Lancet, 380(9843), pp.756–766. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60630-2.
Mechanistic Classic
40. Peerapornratana S, Manrique-Caballero CL, Gómez H and Kellum JA (2019) Acute kidney injury from sepsis: current concepts, epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Kidney International, 96(5), pp.1083–1099. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.026.
Foundational Review
BIOMARKERS & EARLY DETECTION
41. Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, Ma Q, Kelly C, Ruff SM, Zahedi K, Shao M, Bean J et al. (2005) Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury. Lancet, 365(9466), pp.1231–1238. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74811-X.
Biomarker Landmark
42. Kashani K, Al-Khafaji A, Ardiles T, Artigas A, Bagshaw SM, Bell M, Bihorac A, Birkhahn R, Cely CM, Chawla LS et al. (2013) Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury. Critical Care, 17(1), R25. doi:10.1186/cc12503.
Biomarker Landmark
43. Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, Ma Q and Bennett MR (2009) Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 54(6), pp.1012–1024. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.07.020.
Foundational
AKI TO CKD TRANSITION
44. Hsu CY and Hsu RK (2016) The role of acute kidney injury in chronic kidney disease. Seminars in Nephrology, 36(4), pp.283–292. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.05.005.
Foundational
45. Chawla LS, Eggers PW, Star RA and Kimmel PL (2014) Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as interconnected syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(1), pp.58–66. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1214243.
Mechanistic Classic
CONTRAST-ASSOCIATED AKI
46. Weisbord SD and Palevsky PM (2008) Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with volume expansion. Lancet, 372(9656), pp.1037–1043. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61423-9.
Foundational
47. Nijssen EC, Nelemans PJ, Rennenberg RJ, van Ommen V, Wildberger JE and Prokop M (2017) Prophylactic hydration to protect renal function from intravascular iodinated contrast material. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(8), pp.684–694. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611918.
Practice-Changing
CARDIORENAL & CONGESTION
48. Damman K, Testani JM, Gupta S, Tang WHW and Mullens W (2014) Congestion in chronic heart failure: new insights into an old problem. European Journal of Heart Failure, 16(6), pp.563–575. doi:10.1002/ejhf.90.
Cardiorenal Foundational
49. House AA, Anand I, Bellomo R, Cruz D, Bobek I, Anker SD, Aspromonte N, Bagshaw SM, Berl T, Chioncel O et al. (2019) Definition and classification of cardiorenal syndromes. Kidney International, 95(6), pp.1304–1316. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.033.
Foundational Consensus
ICU FLUID STRATEGY & AKI
50. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, Stollings JL, Kumar AB, Hughes CG, Hernandez A et al. (2018) Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(9), pp.829–839. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1711584.
Practice-Changing (SMART Trial)
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS & IMMUNE KIDNEY DISEASE
MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY — PLA2R ERA
51. Beck LH Jr, Bonegio RGB, Lambeau G, Beck DM, Powell DW, Cummins TD, Klein JB and Salant DJ (2009) M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(1), pp.11–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0810457.
Landmark Discovery
52. Hoxha E, Thiele I, Zahner G, Panzer U, Harendza S and Stahl RAK (2014) Phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibodies and clinical outcome in patients with primary membranous nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 25(6), pp.1357–1366. doi:10.1681/ASN.2013040431.
Practice-Changing
53. Fervenza FC, Appel GB, Barbour SJ, Rovin BH, Lafayette RA, Aslam N, Jefferson JA, Gipson PE, Rizk DV, Sedor JR et al. (2019) Rituximab or cyclosporine in the treatment of membranous nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(1), pp.36–46. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1814427.
Landmark Trial (MENTOR)
54. KDIGO Glomerular Diseases Work Group (2021) KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney International, 100(4S), pp.S1–S276. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.021.
Guideline-Defining
IGA NEPHROPATHY
55. Wyatt RJ and Julian BA (2013) IgA nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(25), pp.2402–2414. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1206793.
Foundational Review
56. Rauen T, Eitner F, Fitzner C, Sommerer C, Zeier M, Otte B, Panzer U, Peters H, Benck U, Mertens PR et al. (2015) Intensive supportive care plus immunosuppression in IgA nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(23), pp.2225–2236. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1415463.
Practice-Changing (STOP-IgAN)
57. Barratt J and Feehally J (2005) IgA nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16(7), pp.2088–2097. doi:10.1681/ASN.2005020134.
Foundational
LUPUS NEPHRITIS
58. Appel GB, Contreras G, Dooley MA, Ginzler EM, Isenberg D, Jayne D, Li LS, Mysler E, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Solomons N et al. (2009) Mycophenolate mofetil versus cyclophosphamide for induction treatment of lupus nephritis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 20(5), pp.1103–1112. doi:10.1681/ASN.2008101028.
Landmark Trial
59. Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, Malvar A, Teng YKO, Contreras G, Amoura Z, Yu X, Mok CC, Santiago MB et al. (2020) Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(12), pp.1117–1128. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001180.
Practice-Changing
60. Parikh SV and Almaani S (2020) Update on lupus nephritis: core curriculum 2020. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 76(2), pp.265–281. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.12.012.
Foundational
ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS
61. Jayne DRW, Merkel PA, Schall TJ and Bekker P (2013) Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(20), pp.1990–2000. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1304994.
Complement-Era Landmark
62. Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Seo P, Langford CA, Hoffman GS, Kallenberg CGM, St Clair EW, Turkiewicz A, Tchao NK et al. (2010) Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(3), pp.221–232. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0909905.
Landmark (RAVE)
63. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, Flores-Suárez LF, Gross WL, Guillevin L, Hagen EC et al. (2013) 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature of vasculitides. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 65(1), pp.1–11. doi:10.1002/art.37715.
Foundational Classification
C3 GLOMERULOPATHY & COMPLEMENT
64. Servais A, Noël LH, Roumenina LT, Le Quintrec M, Ngo S, Dragon-Durey MA, Macher MA, Zuber J, Karras A, Provot F et al. (2012) Acquired and genetic complement abnormalities play a critical role in dense deposit disease and other C3 glomerulopathies. Kidney International, 82(4), pp.454–464. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.63.
Mechanistic Landmark
65. Pickering MC, D'Agati VD, Nester CM, Smith RJH, Haas M, Appel GB, Alpers CE, Bajema IM, Bedrosian C, Braun M et al. (2013) C3 glomerulopathy: consensus report. Kidney International, 84(6), pp.1079–1089. doi:10.1038/ki.2013.377.
Foundational Consensus
FSGS & PODOCYTE BIOLOGY
66. D'Agati VD, Fogo AB, Bruijn JA and Jennette JC (2004) Pathologic classification of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney International, 66(2), pp.774–789. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00817.x.
Foundational
67. Shankland SJ (2006) The podocyte's response to injury: role in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Kidney International, 69(12), pp.2131–2147. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5000410.
Mechanistic Classic
68. Reiser J, von Gersdorff G, Loos M, Oh J, Asanuma K, Giardino L, Rastaldi MP, Calvaresi N, Watanabe H, Schwarz K et al. (2004) Induction of B7-1 in podocytes is associated with nephrotic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 113(10), pp.1390–1397. doi:10.1172/JCI20402.
Podocyte Discovery
THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY
69. Noris M and Remuzzi G (2009) Atypical hemolytic–uremic syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(17), pp.1676–1687. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0902814.
Foundational
70. Legendre CM, Licht C, Muus P, Greenbaum LA, Babu S, Bedrosian C, Bingham C, Cohen DJ, Delmas Y, Douglas K et al. (2013) Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic–uremic syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(23), pp.2169–2181. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1208981.
Landmark
POST-INFECTIOUS GN
71. Nasr SH and Markowitz GS (2013) Infection-related glomerulonephritis in adults. Kidney International, 83(5), pp.792–803. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.407.
Foundational
ANTI-GBM DISEASE
72. Levy JB, Turner AN, Rees AJ and Pusey CD (2001) Long-term outcome of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 12(6), pp.1179–1187.
Foundational
COMPLEMENT THERAPEUTICS ERA
73. Rovin BH, Teng YKO, Ginzler EM, Arriens C, Caster DJ, Romero-Diaz J, Gibson KL, Kaplan J, Radhakrishnan J, Menter A et al. (2021) Efficacy and safety of voclosporin versus placebo for lupus nephritis (AURORA 1). Lancet, 397(10289), pp.2070–2080. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00578-X.
Practice-Changing
74. Jayne DRW et al. (2021) Avacopan for ANCA-associated vasculitis. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(7), pp.599–609. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2023386.
Landmark
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME — CLASSIC
75. Cameron JS (1999) The nephrotic syndrome and its complications. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 33(5), pp.965–989.
Foundational Classic
HEREDITARY KIDNEY DISEASE
76. Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Gansevoort RT, Grantham JJ, Higashihara E, Perrone RD, Krasa HB, Ouyang J and Czerwiec FS (2012) Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(25), pp.2407–2418. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1205511.
Landmark (TEMPO 3:4)
77. Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, Gansevoort RT, Perrone RD, Dandurand A, Ouyang J, Czerwiec FS and REPRISE Trial Investigators (2017) Tolvaptan in later-stage autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 377(20), pp.1930–1942. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1710030.
Practice-Changing (REPRISE)
78. Harris PC and Torres VE (2009) Polycystic kidney disease. Annual Review of Medicine, 60, pp.321–337. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.60.101707.125712.
Foundational
79. Kashtan CE (1999) Alport syndrome: an inherited disorder of renal, ocular, and cochlear basement membranes. Medicine (Baltimore), 78(5), pp.338–360.
Foundational
80. Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Langefeld CD, Oleksyk TK, Uscinski Knob AL et al. (2010) Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans. Science, 329(5993), pp.841–845. doi:10.1126/science.1193032.
Genetic Landmark
DIALYSIS & RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
81. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, Allon M, Bailey J, Delmez JA, Depner TA et al. (2002) Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(25), pp.2010–2019. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021583.
Landmark (HEMO Study)
82. Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L, Collins JF, Craig JC, Fraenkel MB, Harris A, Johnson DW, Kesselhut J, Li JJ et al. (2010) A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(7), pp.609–619. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1000552.
Landmark (IDEAL)
83. Maduell F, Moreso F, Pons M, Ramos R, Mora-Macià J, Carreras J, Soler J, Torres F, Campistol JM and Martinez-Castelao A (2013) High-efficiency postdilution online hemodiafiltration reduces all-cause mortality. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 24(3), pp.487–497. doi:10.1681/ASN.2012080875.
Practice-Changing (ESHOL)
84. Mehrotra R, Devuyst O, Davies SJ and Johnson DW (2016) The current state of peritoneal dialysis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 27(11), pp.3238–3252. doi:10.1681/ASN.2016010112.
Foundational Review
85. Rivara MB and Mehrotra R (2017) The changing landscape of home dialysis in the United States. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 26(6), pp.548–555. doi:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000365.
Home Dialysis Era
CKD PROGRESSION BIOLOGY & FIBROSIS
86. Nath KA (1992) Tubulointerstitial changes as a major determinant in the progression of renal damage. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 20(1), pp.1–17.
Foundational
87. Eddy AA (2005) Progression in chronic kidney disease. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 12(4), pp.353–365. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2005.07.007.
Foundational
88. Liu Y (2011) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 7(12), pp.684–696. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2011.149.
Mechanistic Classic
89. Duffield JS (2014) Cellular and molecular mechanisms in kidney fibrosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124(6), pp.2299–2306. doi:10.1172/JCI72267.
Mechanistic Foundational
90. Zeisberg M and Kalluri R (2013) Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(7), pp.667–678. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1204189.
Fibrosis Classic
CARDIORENAL INTERFACE
91. Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, Anavekar N and Bellomo R (2008) Cardiorenal syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52(19), pp.1527–1539. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.07.051.
Foundational
92. McCullough PA, Kellum JA, Haapio M, Mankad S, Bellomo R and Ronco C (2013) Pathophysiology of the cardiorenal syndromes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 62(7), pp.539–548. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.063.
Foundational
93. House AA and Anand I (2018) Cardiorenal syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(13), pp.1289–1290.
Perspective
ELECTROLYTES & ACID–BASE CLASSICS
94. Sterns RH, Hix JK and Silver S (2010) Treating hyponatremia: why haste makes waste. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 21(2), pp.197–200. doi:10.1681/ASN.2009101064.
Foundational
95. Palmer BF and Clegg DJ (2017) Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(1), pp.60–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1313341.
Classic Review
96. Kraut JA and Madias NE (2012) Metabolic acidosis of CKD: an update. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 60(6), pp.978–993. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.05.024.
Foundational
TRANSPLANT & IMMUNOLOGY
97. Halloran PF (2004) Immunosuppressive drugs for kidney transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(26), pp.2715–2729. doi:10.1056/NEJMra033540.
Foundational
98. Loupy A and Lefaucheur C (2018) Antibody-mediated rejection of solid-organ allografts. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(12), pp.1150–1160. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1802677.
Practice-Changing
CKD & PUBLIC HEALTH
99. Jha V, Garcia-Garcia G, Iseki K, Li Z, Naicker S, Plattner B, Saran R, Wang AY and Yang CW (2013) Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet, 382(9888), pp.260–272. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60687-X.
Global Foundational
100. Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL and Masson P (2017) Chronic kidney disease. Lancet, 389(10075), pp.1238–1252. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32064-5.
Comprehensive Review
CKD ANEMIA — ESA ERA
101. Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, Barnhart H, Sapp S, Wolfson M and Reddan D (2006) Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(20), pp.2085–2098. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065485.
Landmark (CHOIR)
102. Drüeke TB, Locatelli F, Clyne N, Eckardt KU, Macdougall IC, Tsakiris D, Burger HU and Scherhag A (2006) Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(20), pp.2071–2084. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa062276.
Landmark (CREATE)
103. Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Eckardt KU, Feyzi JM, Ivanovich P, Kewalramani R, Levey AS et al. (2009) A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 361(21), pp.2019–2032. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0907845.
Landmark (TREAT)
HIF-PH INHIBITOR ERA
104. Chen N, Hao C, Liu BC, Lin H, Wang C, Xing C, Liang X, Jiang G, Liu Z, Li X et al. (2019) Roxadustat treatment for anemia in patients undergoing long-term dialysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(11), pp.1011–1022. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1901713.
Practice-Changing
105. Fishbane S, El-Shahawy MA, Pecoits-Filho R, Van BP, Houser MT, Frison L, Little DJ, Guzman NJ and Pergola PE (2021) Roxadustat for treating anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(24), pp.2313–2324. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2030829.
Practice-Changing
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS & CKD PROGRESSION
106. de Brito-Ashurst I, Varagunam M, Raftery MJ and Yaqoob MM (2009) Bicarbonate supplementation slows progression of CKD and improves nutritional status. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 20(9), pp.2075–2084. doi:10.1681/ASN.2008111205.
Practice-Changing
107. Goraya N, Simoni J, Jo CH and Wesson DE (2013) A comparison of treating metabolic acidosis in CKD stage 4 with fruits and vegetables or sodium bicarbonate. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 8(3), pp.371–381. doi:10.2215/CJN.02430312.
Practice-Changing
108. Raphael KL and Zhang Y (2019) Serum bicarbonate and mortality in adults in NHANES. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 14(2), pp.246–253. doi:10.2215/CJN.07490618.
Prognostic
SODIUM, VOLUME & CKD
109. He FJ and MacGregor GA (2009) A comprehensive review on salt and health and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. Journal of Human Hypertension, 23(6), pp.363–384. doi:10.1038/jhh.2008.144.
Foundational
110. Suckling RJ, He FJ and MacGregor GA (2010) Altered dietary salt intake for preventing and treating diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD006763. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006763.pub2.
Evidence Synthesis
DIALYSIS HEMODYNAMICS & ULTRAFILTRATION
111. Flythe JE, Kimmel SE and Brunelli SM (2011) Rapid fluid removal during dialysis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Kidney International, 79(2), pp.250–257. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.383.
Practice-Changing
112. Burton JO, Jefferies HJ, Selby NM and McIntyre CW (2009) Hemodialysis-induced cardiac injury: determinants and associated outcomes. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 4(5), pp.914–920. doi:10.2215/CJN.03900808.
Foundational
113. McIntyre CW (2010) Effects of hemodialysis on cardiac function. Kidney International, 76(4), pp.371–375. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.207.
Cardiodialysis Classic
PREGNANCY & CKD
114. Piccoli GB, Cabiddu G, Castellino S, Gernone G, Santoro D, Moroni G, Giacchino F, Attini R, Pani A and Todros T (2015) A systematic approach to pregnancy in CKD. Kidney International, 87(6), pp.1119–1131. doi:10.1038/ki.2015.21.
Foundational
115. Imbasciati E, Gregorini G, Cabiddu G, Gammaro L, Ambroso G, Del Giudice A, Ravani P and Colussi G (2007) Pregnancy in CKD stages 3 to 5. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 49(6), pp.753–762. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.03.018.
Foundational
OBESITY, CKD & METABOLIC INTERFACE
116. Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z and Hall ME (2015) Obesity-induced hypertension. Circulation Research, 116(6), pp.991–1006. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.305697.
Pathophysiology
117. Kramer H, Luke A, Bidani A, Cao G, Cooper R and McGee D (2005) Obesity and prevalent and incident CKD. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 46(4), pp.587–594. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.06.007.
Epidemiologic Foundational
ONCONEPHROLOGY & IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS
118. Cortazar FB, Marrone KA, Troxell ML, Ralto KM, Hoenig MP, Brahmer JR, Le DT, Lipson EJ, Glezerman IG, Wolchok J et al. (2016) Clinicopathological features of acute kidney injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Kidney International, 90(3), pp.638–647. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.04.008.
Practice-Changing
119. Seethapathy H and Herrmann SM (2021) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated kidney injury. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 17(12), pp.821–833. doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00457-7.
Foundational Review
GUT–KIDNEY AXIS
120. Vaziri ND, Wong J, Pahl M, Piceno YM, Yuan J, DeSantis TZ, Ni Z and Nguyen TH (2013) Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora. Kidney International, 83(2), pp.308–315. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.345.
Foundational
HYPERKALEMIA MANAGEMENT ERA
121. Weir MR, Bakris GL, Bushinsky DA, Mayo MR, Garza D, Stasiv Y, Wittes J and Pitt B (2015) Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(3), pp.211–221. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1410853.
Practice-Changing
122. Kosiborod M, Rasmussen HS, Lavin P, Qunibi WY, Spinowitz B, Packham D, Roger SD, Yang A, Lerma E, Singh B et al. (2014) Effect of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate on potassium lowering. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(3), pp.222–231. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411487.
Practice-Changing
CKD EPIDEMIOLOGY & BURDEN
123. Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F and Levey AS (2007) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA, 298(17), pp.2038–2047. doi:10.1001/jama.298.17.2038.
Foundational
124. Bikbov B, Purcell CA, Levey AS, Smith M, Abdoli A, Abebe M, Adebayo OM, Afarideh M, Agarwal SK, Agudelo-Botero M et al. (2020) Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017. Lancet, 395(10225), pp.709–733. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3.
Global Landmark
PRECISION NEPHROLOGY
125. Malone AF and Humphreys BD (2018) Single-cell transcriptomics and the kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 29(7), pp.1616–1623. doi:10.1681/ASN.2017121264.
Precision Era Foundational
ADVANCED COMPLEMENT & GLOMERULAR THERAPEUTICS
126. Rovin BH, Solomons N, Pendergraft WF, Dooley MA, Tumlin J, Romero-Diaz J, Lysenko L, Navarra SV, Huizinga RB, Tesar V et al. (2019) A randomized, controlled double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of CCX168 (avacopan) to prednisone in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 30(11), pp.2075–2086. doi:10.1681/ASN.2019050479.
Complement Era
127. Barratt J, Rovin BH, Cattran D, Floege J, Lafayette R, Tesar V, Trimarchi H, Zhang H, Nester CM and Rizk DV (2023) Targeting complement in IgA nephropathy. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 19(4), pp.225–238. doi:10.1038/s41581-023-00641-z.
Emerging Therapeutics
SGLT2 MECHANISTIC & CARDIORENAL EXPANSION
128. Heerspink HJL, Stefansson BV, Correa-Rotter R, Chertow GM, Greene T, Hou FF, Mann JFE, McMurray JJV, Lindberg M, Rossing P et al. (2020) Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(15), pp.1436–1446. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2024816.
Landmark (DAPA-CKD)
129. Herrington WG, Staplin N, Wanner C, Green JB, Hauske SJ, Emberson J, Preiss D, Judge P, Mayne K, Ng SYA et al. (2023) Empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(2), pp.117–127. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2204233.
Landmark (EMPA-KIDNEY)
130. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, Edwards R, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Bull S et al. (2019) Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(24), pp.2295–2306. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1811744.
Landmark (CREDENCE)
131. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, Furtado RHM et al. (2019) SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Lancet, 393(10166), pp.31–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32590-X.
Meta-Analytic Landmark
CKD INFLAMMATION & IMMUNOLOGY
132. Stenvinkel P (2010) Inflammation in end-stage renal disease: the hidden enemy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 25(3), pp.723–728. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfp642.
Foundational
133. Anders HJ and Schaefer L (2014) Beyond tissue injury—damage-associated molecular patterns and inflammation in kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 10(7), pp.397–409. doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.90.
Mechanistic Classic
DIALYSIS QUALITY & INCREMENTAL THERAPY
134. Obi Y, Rhee CM, Mathew AT, Shah G, Streja E, Brunelli SM, Kovesdy CP and Kalantar-Zadeh K (2016) Residual kidney function decline and mortality in incident hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 27(12), pp.3758–3768. doi:10.1681/ASN.2015111219.
Incremental Dialysis
135. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Casino FG and Letizia M (2014) Incremental hemodialysis. Seminars in Dialysis, 27(6), pp.589–593. doi:10.1111/sdi.12271.
Conceptual Shift
KIDNEY AGING
136. O'Sullivan ED, Hughes J and Ferenbach DA (2017) Renal aging: causes and consequences. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 28(2), pp.407–420. doi:10.1681/ASN.2015121308.
Foundational
137. Denic A, Lieske JC, Chakkera HA, Poggio ED, Alexander MP, Singh P, Kremers WK, Lerman LO and Rule AD (2017) The substantial loss of nephrons in healthy human kidneys with aging. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 28(1), pp.313–320. doi:10.1681/ASN.2016020154.
Anatomic Landmark
TRANSPLANT BIOMARKERS & PRECISION
138. Loupy A, Haas M, Roufosse C, Naesens M, Adam B, Afrouzian M, Akalin E, Alachkar N, Bagnasco S, Becker JU et al. (2017) The Banff 2015 Kidney Meeting Report. American Journal of Transplantation, 17(1), pp.28–41. doi:10.1111/ajt.14107.
Classification Landmark
139. Halloran PF, Reeve J, Akalin E, Aubert O, Böhmig GA, Brennan DC, Bromberg J, Einecke G, Eskandary F, Gosset C et al. (2019) Real-time central assessment of kidney transplant indication biopsies by microarrays. New England Journal of Medicine, 381(24), pp.2335–2346. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1814213.
Molecular Diagnostics
ACID–BASE & POTASSIUM ERA
140. Kraut JA and Madias NE (2018) Metabolic acidosis of CKD: an update. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(2), pp.307–317. doi:10.2215/CJN.01770217.
Updated Foundational
141. Palmer BF and Clegg DJ (2016) Diagnosis and treatment of hyperkalemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(14), pp.1349–1358. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1504969.
Practice Classic
KIDNEY–LUNG CROSS-TALK
142. Husain-Syed F, Slutsky AS and Ronco C (2016) Lung–kidney cross-talk in the critically ill patient. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 194(4), pp.402–414. doi:10.1164/rccm.201602-0370CP.
ICU Mechanistic
GENE EDITING & FUTURE THERAPIES
143. Cheng AS, Li LX, Zhou JX, Harris PC, Calvet JP and Li X (2025) In vivo base editing rescues ADPKD in a humanized mouse model. Nature Communications, 16, Article 65997. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65997-1.
Gene Editing Era
144. Muto Y, Yoshimura Y, Wu H, Chang-Panesso M, Ledru N and Woodward OM (2024) Multiomics profiling of mouse polycystic kidney disease progression at single-cell resolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 121(41), e2410830121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2410830121.
Multiomic Precision
CKD–MBD EXPANSION
145. Isakova T, Wahl P, Vargas GS, Gutiérrez OM, Scialla J, Xie H, Appleby D, Nessel L, Bellovich K, Chen J et al. (2011) Fibroblast growth factor 23 is elevated before parathyroid hormone and phosphate in CKD. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 22(2), pp.362–368. doi:10.1681/ASN.2010050463.
FGF23 Landmark
146. Block GA, Martin KJ, de Francisco ALM, Turner SA, Avram MM, Suranyi MG, Hercz G, Cunningham J, Abu-Alfa AK, Messa P et al. (2004) Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(15), pp.1516–1525. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031633.
Practice-Changing
CKD RISK STRATIFICATION & PREDICTION
147. Tangri N, Stevens LA, Griffith J, Tighiouart H, Djurdjev O, Naimark D, Levin A and Levey AS (2011) A predictive model for progression of CKD to kidney failure. JAMA, 305(15), pp.1553–1559. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.451.
KFRE Landmark
CONSERVATIVE KIDNEY MANAGEMENT
148. Carson RC, Juszczak M, Davenport A and Burns A (2009) Is maximum conservative management an equivalent treatment option to dialysis for elderly patients with significant comorbid disease? Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 4(10), pp.1611–1619. doi:10.2215/CJN.00510109.
Palliative Foundational
GLOBAL KIDNEY HEALTH
149. Luyckx VA, Tonelli M and Stanifer JW (2018) The global burden of kidney disease and the sustainable development goals. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(6), pp.414–422D. doi:10.2471/BLT.17.206441.
Global Policy
FUTURE OF NEPHROLOGY
150. Humphreys BD (2018) Mechanisms of renal fibrosis. Annual Review of Physiology, 80, pp.309–326. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034227.
Mechanistic Capstone